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墨客科普 | M O A C BlockChain SafeMath库

2019-10-10 四海八荒 来源:区块链网络

  

  在编写智能合约的时候需要注意的一个主要的安全特性:防止溢出和下溢。为了防止这些情况,OpenZeppelin建立了一个叫做SafeMath的库(library),默认情况下可以防止这些问题。

  什么是溢出(overflow)

  假设我们有一个uint8, 只能存储8 bit数据。这意味着我们能存储的最大数字就是二进制11111111(或者说十进制的2^8-1 =255).

  来看看下面的代码。最后 number 将会是什么值

  

  在这个例子中,我们导致了溢出---虽然我们加了1,但是number出乎意料地等于0了。

  下溢(underflow)也类似,如果你从一个等于0的uint8减去1, 它将变成255 (因为uint是无符号的,其不能等于负数)。

  分析 SafeMath源码

  1.加法,仅限内部调用,返回 uint256

  require(c>=a && c>=b); //验证结果: 两个正数相加,和一定大于每个加数

  

  2.减法,仅限内部调用,返回 uint256

  require(b <= a) 因为返回值需要是 正数,所以此处判断 b必须小于等于a

  

  3.乘法,仅限内部调用,返回 uint256

  uint256 c = a * b; 容易溢出,比如 a=2,b=2^255 乘积 2^256 刚好溢出。结果取后面的256位(全为0),导致 c=0。

  所以使用 (a == 0 || c / a == b),验证结果的一致性。

  

  4.除法,仅限内部调用,返回 uint256

  require(b > 0), 确保被除数不能为0

  require(a == b * c + a % b);防止溢出,验证结果的一致性

  

  总结:

  不要直接使用简单的 "+-*/" ,尽量使用 library SafeMath 中的函数,避免整数溢出的隐患。

  附:完整源码

  pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

  library SafeMath {

  /**

  * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on

  * overflow.

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - Addition cannot overflow.

  */

  function safeAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  uint256 c = a + b;

  require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

  return c;

  }

  /**

  * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on

  * overflow (when the result is negative).

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - Subtraction cannot overflow.

  */

  function safeSub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  return safeSub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");

  }

  /**

  * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on

  * overflow (when the result is negative).

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - Subtraction cannot overflow.

  *

  * NOTE: This is a feature of the next version of OpenZeppelin Contracts.

  * @dev Get it via `npm install @openzeppelin/contracts@next`.

  */

  function safeSub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  require(b <= a, errorMessage);

  uint256 c = a - b;

  return c;

  }

  /**

  * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on

  * overflow.

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - Multiplication cannot overflow.

  */

  function safeMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the

  // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.

  if (a == 0) {

  return 0;

  }

  uint256 c = a * b;

  require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

  return c;

  }

  /**

  * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on

  * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a

  * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity

  * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - The divisor cannot be zero.

  */

  function safeDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  return safeDiv(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");

  }

  /**

  * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts with custom message on

  * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a

  * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity

  * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - The divisor cannot be zero.

  * NOTE: This is a feature of the next version of OpenZeppelin Contracts.

  * @dev Get it via `npm install @openzeppelin/contracts@next`.

  */

  function safeDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0

  require(b > 0, errorMessage);

  uint256 c = a / b;

  return c;

  }

  /**

  * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),

  * Reverts when dividing by zero.

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`

  * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an

  * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - The divisor cannot be zero.

  */

  function safeMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  return safeMod(a, b, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");

  }

  /**

  * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),

  * Reverts with custom message when dividing by zero.

  *

  * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`

  * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an

  * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

  *

  * Requirements:

  * - The divisor cannot be zero.

  *

  * NOTE: This is a feature of the next version of OpenZeppelin Contracts.

  * @dev Get it via `npm install @openzeppelin/contracts@next`.

  */

  function safeMod(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {

  require(b != 0, errorMessage);

  return a % b;

  }

  }

  

—-

编译者/作者:四海八荒

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